Shin Dabarun Kamun Kifi Suna Zaɓar Kifi Dangane da Halinsu? | Bincike da Bita

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan binciken ya bincika wata muhimmiyar tambaya a kimiyyar kamun kifi ta zamani: shin hanyoyin kamun kifi na nishaɗi na yau da kullun suna yin matsin lamba na zaɓe a kan yawan kifayen daji bisa ga bambance-bambancen halayen ɗaiɗaikun kifaye, wanda aka sani da halin dabba? Binciken ya mai da hankali kan yuwuwar juyin halitta da kamun kifi ke haifarwa (FIE), inda ayyukan kamun kifi zasu iya canza siffofi da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yawan kifaye a tsawon lokaci. Masu binciken suna hasashen cewa hanyoyin kamun kifi masu aiki (krank beit) da marasa aiki (roba mai laushi) suna zaɓar bass mai babban baki (Micropterus salmoides) da bass na dutse (Ambloplites rupestris) bisa ga halaye kamar ƙarfin hali, tare da muhimman tasirin muhalli da juyin halitta.

2. Hanyoyin Bincike & Ƙirar Gwaji

Binciken ya yi amfani da haɗin hanyar filin gwaji da na dakin gwaji don gwada haɗin kai tsakanin raunin kamun kifi da halin mutum.

2.1 Hanyoyin Kamun Kifi a Filin Gwaji

An kama kifayen daji daga tafkin Opinion, Ontario, Kanada ta amfani da hanyoyi biyu da aka daidaita:

• Hanyar Aiki: Jefa da jawo abin jan hankali na krank beit.
• Hanyar Maras Aiki: Yin amfani da abin jan hankali na roba mai laushi tare da ƙaramin motsi.

An gudanar da kamun kifi ta ƙwararrun masu kamun kifi don tabbatar da daidaito. An auna kifayen da aka kama, an yi musu alama, kuma an kai su zuwa wuraren ajiyar dakin gwaji.

2.2 Gwaje-gwajen Halayen Kifi a Dakin Gwaji

An gwada kowane kifi da jerin gwaje-gwaje da aka daidaita a cikin filin gwaji a cikin tafkin don ƙididdige halin mutum:

• Jinkirin Fito daga Mafaka: Lokacin da kifi ya ɗauka don fita daga mafaka mai tsari zuwa fili (ma'auni na farko na ƙarfin hali).
• Nisa na Fara Gudu (FID): Nisan da kifi ke gudu daga barazanar da ke gabatowa.
• Jinkirin sake Kamawa: Lokacin da aka ɗauka don sake kama kifi da tarun tsoma a cikin filin.
• Aiki na Gabaɗaya: Motsi gabaɗaya a cikin filin.

2.3 Bita na Ƙididdiga

An yi amfani da ƙirar lissafi masu haɗaka (GLMMs) don nazarin bayanan, don tantance tasirin hanyar kamun kifi, nau'in kifi, girman jiki, da mu'amalarsu akan makin halaye. An zaɓi ƙirar bisa ga Ma'aunin Bayanai na Akaike (AIC).

3. Muhimman Sakamako & Bincike

3.1 Rauni ta Hanyar Kamun Kifi

Babban binciken shine bayyanannen zaɓi na ƙarfin hali wanda ya dogara da fasaha. Kifayen da aka kama ta hanyar mai aiki ta krank beit sun kasance masu ƙarfin hali sosai (sun fito da sauri daga mafaka) fiye da waɗanda aka kama ta hanyar maras aiki ta roba mai laushi. Wannan tsari ya yi daidai ga duka bass mai babban baki da na dutse, yana nuna tsarin da za a iya amfani da shi gabaɗaya.

3.2 Haɗin Kai na Halayen Mutum

Abin ban sha'awa, tasirin zaɓe ya kasance na musamman ga ƙarfin hali (fitar mafaka). Sauran halayen mutum da aka auna—Nisa na Fara Gudu, Jinkirin sake Kamawa, da Aiki na Gabaɗaya—ba su nuna alaƙa mai daidaitacce da hanyar kamawa ba. Wannan yana nuna dogaro da yanayi na zaɓin hali; ba duk halayen "haɗari" ke ƙara rauni daidai a cikin duk yanayin kamun kifi ba.

3.3 Mu'amala da Girman Jiki

Girman jiki ya kasance muhimmin mai hasashen wasu halayen mutum, amma dangantakarsa ta bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan kifi da halaye. Misali, manyan kifaye na wani nau'in na iya zama masu ƙarfin hali, yayin da a wani, girman na iya yin alaƙa da tsananin taka tsantsan. Wannan rikitarwa yana jaddada buƙatar hanyoyin bincike masu yawa a cikin binciken FIE.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Bita

4.1 Ƙirar Lissafi

Babban binciken ya dogara ne da ƙirar ƙididdiga don ware tasirin fasahar kamun kifi akan hali. Tsarin gama gari na GLMM na farko ana iya wakilta shi kamar haka:

$\text{Makin Ƙarfin Hali}_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1(\text{Fasaha}_i) + \beta_2(\text{Nau'in}_i) + \beta_3(\text{Girman}_i) + \beta_4(\text{Fasaha} \times \text{Nau'in}_i) + u_i + \epsilon_i$

Inda ma'auni $\beta$ ke wakiltar tasirin ƙayyadaddun (fasahar kamun kifi, nau'in kifi, girman jiki, da mu'amalarsu), $u_i$ yana wakiltar tasirin bazuwar (misali, ɗaiɗaiku ko rukunin gwaji), kuma $\epsilon_i$ shine kurakuran saura. Kwatancen ƙirar ta amfani da $\Delta AIC$ yana da mahimmanci don gano mafi kyawun bayani ga raunin da aka lura.

4.2 Misalin Tsarin Bita

Duk da yake binciken asali bai ƙunshi hadadden lamba ba, ana iya fassara tsarin binciken a matsayin bishiyar yanke shawara don tantance haɗarin FIE:

1. Layer na Shigarwa: Tattara bayanai kan hanyar kamawa, nau'in kifi, girman mutum, da sakamakon gwajin hali.
2. Layer na Sarrafawa: Aiwatar da GLMMs don gwada manyan tasiri da mu'amala. Yi amfani da AIC don zaɓin ƙirar.
3. Layer na Fitowa: Gano wane takamaiman halin hali ne ke ƙarƙashin zaɓi ta wani nau'in kayan aiki.
4. Layer na Fassara: Hasashen sakamakon juyin halitta na dogon lokaci (misali, zuwa ga ƙarin tsoro idan an yi kamun kifaye masu ƙarfin hali).

Wannan tsarin yana iya canzawa zuwa kowane binciken da ke binciken zaɓi bisa ga halaye a cikin yawan kifayen da aka yi kamawa.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Ra'ayi na Mai Bita

Muhimman Fahimta: Wannan takarda tana ba da ƙarfi, amma cikin fahimta mai zurfi: kamun kifi na nishaɗi ba kawai yana ɗaukar kifi ba; yana tace halin mutum. Gano cewa abubuwan jan hankali masu aiki suna kama masu ƙarfin hali yayin da abubuwan jan hankali marasa aiki suna kama waɗanda suka fi taka tsantsan suna mai da wannan sana'ar nishaɗi zuwa ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na juyin halitta. Wannan ba tunani ne na ka'ida ba; bayyanannen nuni ne na zaɓin da ɗan adam ke haifarwa akan halaye marasa siffa, ra'ayi da ke samun karbuwa a fagage daga sarrafa namun daji zuwa hankali na wucin gadi, inda matsin lamba na zaɓe a cikin mahallin horo ke siffata halayen wakili.

Tsarin Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da tsabta abin yabawa. Yana motsawa daga babban damuwa na FIE zuwa hasashe mai iya gwadawa game da zaɓin da ya dace da kayan aiki, yana amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin filin gwaji da na dakin gwaji don ware dalilin hali, kuma yana amfani da ƙididdiga masu ƙarfi don tabbatar da siginar a cikin hayaniya. Mai da hankali kan ƙarfin hali ta hanyar fitar mafaka yana da wayo, saboda ingantaccen wakili ne, wanda ba ya cutar da kifi, don ɗaukar haɗari, halin da wataƙila yana da alaƙa da neman abinci—don haka yana cizon—yanke shawara.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfin shine kyakkyawan ƙirar gwaji wanda ke haɗa kamawa na ainihi da siffanta halaye masu sarrafawa. Yana nuna zaɓi mai dogaro da yanayi cikin gamsarwa. Kurakuran, wanda marubutan suka yarda da shi, shine yanayin hoto. Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da cewa zaɓi zai iya faruwa, amma ba cewa yana faruwa a matakin yawan kifaye a tsawon tsararraki ba. Kamar yadda manyan ayyuka kamar takarda Jørgensen et al. na 2007 a cikin Fish and Fisheries suka yi jayayya, nuna FIE yana buƙatar bayanai na dogon lokaci da ke nuna canjin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan binciken yana ba da muhimmiyar haɗin kai amma ɓangare ne na labarin da ya fi tsayi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu sarrafa albarkatu, ma'anar a bayyane take: dokokin kamun kifi dole ne su yi la'akari da nau'ikan kayan aiki. Haɓaka salon "mai aiki" kawai zai iya haifar da ƙarin kifaye masu tsoro, wanda zai iya canza yanayin yanayin muhalli har ma da rage yawan kamawa a tsawon lokaci—balaguron gama gari na gama gari. Masana'antar kamun kifi ya kamata su lura; ƙirar abin jan hankali ta zahiri tana rinjayar wane kifi ake kamawa. Ga masana kimiyya, hanyar binciken tsari ne. Aikin nan gaba dole ne yanzu ya ƙaru, yana bin waɗannan yawan kifaye ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin binciken dogon lokaci na nau'ikan da aka yi kamawa kamar cod na Atlantic. Babban fahimta? Ayyukanmu na nishaɗi ba su da tsaka-tsaki a juyin halitta. A zahiri, muna gyara yawan namun daji sau ɗaya a lokaci guda.

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Jagororin Bincike

Binciken ya buɗe hanyoyi da yawa don bincike mai amfani da na asali:

• Gudanarwa bisa Tsarin Muhalli: Haɗa ƙirar zaɓin hali cikin kimanta adadin kayan kamun kifi don hasashen canje-canjen yawan jama'a da juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.
• Ƙirar Kayan Aiki Mai Hankali: Haɓaka kayan kamun kifi ko abubuwan jan hankali waɗanda ke rage son zuciya na hali don haɓaka kamun kifi mai dorewa wanda ke kiyaye bambancin kwayoyin halitta na halitta.
• Wuraren Kiwo na Kiyayewa: Yin amfani da ilimin zaɓin hali don kiwo don shirye-shiryen ƙari waɗanda ke riƙe da bambancin halayen halitta, tare da guje wa faduwar zaɓin gida.
• Kwatancen Tsakanin Nau'ikan: Aiwatar da wannan tsarin gwaji zuwa wasu dabbobin da aka yi kamawa (misali, namun daji na ƙasa, marasa ƙashin baya) don gina ka'idar gama gari na juyin halitta na hali da ɗan adam ke haifarwa.
• Haɗin Genomic: Haɗa siffanta hali tare da kayan aikin genomic (misali, RAD-seq, jerin kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya) don gano tsarin kwayoyin halitta na halaye da ke ƙarƙashin zaɓi da kuma auna canjin yawan allele kai tsaye a tsawon lokaci.

7. Nassoshi

1. Wilson, A. D. M., Brownscombe, J. W., Sullivan, B., Jain-Schlaepfer, S., & Cooke, S. J. (2015). Does Angling Technique Selectively Target Fishes Based on Their Behavioural Type? PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0135848.
2. Jørgensen, C., Enberg, K., Dunlop, E. S., Arlinghaus, R., Boukal, D. S., Brander, K., ... & Rijnsdorp, A. D. (2007). Managing evolving fish stocks. Science, 318(5854), 1247-1248.
3. Arlinghaus, R., Laskowski, K. L., Alós, J., Klefoth, T., Monk, C. T., Nakayama, S., & Schröder, A. (2017). Passive gear-induced timidity syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and managerial implications. Fish and Fisheries, 18(2), 360-373.
4. Biro, P. A., & Post, J. R. (2008). Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(8), 2919-2922.
5. Uusi-Heikkilä, S., Whiteley, A. R., Kuparinen, A., Matsumura, S., Venturelli, P. A., Wolter, C., ... & Arlinghaus, R. (2015). The evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting extends from genes to populations. Evolutionary Applications, 8(6), 597-620.