Rikice-rikice, Haɗuwa da Haɗin Kai: Manufofin Ci Gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs) a cikin Tattaunawar Tallafin Kifi na WTO

Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa: Matsalar Tallafin Kifi Masu Cutarwa

Wannan bincike yana nazarin muhimmiyar haɗuwa tsakanin dokokin kasuwancin duniya da dorewar muhalli, ta yin amfani da doguwar tattaunawar Hukumar Kasuwancin Duniya (WTO) kan tallafin kifi a matsayin babban nazarin shari'a. Babban batun ya ta'allaka ne akan tallafin da gwamnatoci ke bayarwa wanda ke haifar da yawan kamun kifi, yawan iya aiki, da kuma kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a bayar da rahoto ba, kuma ba a tsara shi ba (IUU), wanda ke haifar da rikici kai tsaye da Manufofin Ci Gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs), musamman SDG 14.6.

2. Babban Rikici: Dokar Kasuwanci da Manufofin Dorewa

Babban tashin hankali yana tsakanin ƙa'idodin 'yanci na kasuwanci, waɗanda tallafi ke sauƙaƙa su, da kuma wajibcin sarrafa albarkatu mai dorewa. Dokokin WTO, waɗanda aka tsara don rage tallafin da ke karkatar da kasuwanci, a tarihi sun yi fama da tsaurara waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli.

2.1 Balaraba na Jama'a a Harkar Kifi

Adadin kifin daji sune albarkatun gama-gari na al'ada. Kamar yadda H. Scott Gordon ya bayyana, sannan kuma Garrett Hardin ya yi "Balaraba na Jama'a," babu wani mai kamun kifi da ke da sha'awar tattalin arziki don kiyaye adadin kifi, domin amfanin ana raba shi amma farashin na sirri ne. Wannan yana haifar da yawan amfani da su ba tare da tsari ba.

2.2 Matsayin Tallafin Kifi a cikin Yawan Kamun Kifi

Tallafin da ke cutarwa—kamar na man fetur, ginin jirgin ruwa, ko sabuntawa—suna rage farashin aiki da ƙaramin hali kuma suna ƙara ƙarfin kamun kifi. Suna ba da damar jiragen ruwa su yi aiki a cikin ruwa masu nisa, waɗanda ba su da riba, kuma suna tsawaita yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su da dorewa. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) (2020) ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 35% na adadin kifin teku ana yawan kamun su, kuma kusan kashi 60% ana kamun su da matsakaicin yawan dorewa.

3. Tattaunawar WTO: Nazarin Shari'a

Tattaunawar WTO, wacce SDG 14.6 ta ba da umarni, tana nufin hana wasu nau'ikan tallafin kifi masu cutarwa. Suna wakiltar gwaji na haɗa manufofin muhalli cikin ƙirƙirar dokokin kasuwanci na ƙasashe da yawa.

3.1 Hujjojin Tattalin Arziki don Gyara

Nazarin, ciki har da na Bankin Duniya mai suna "The Sunken Billions," sun kiyasta cewa kamun kifi na duniya yana asarar dubun biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara saboda rashin ingantaccen gudanarwa. Kawar da tallafin da ke cutarwa zai ba da damar farfadowar adadin kifi, wanda zai haifar da mafi girman yawan amfanin gona mai dorewa da mafi girman fa'idodin tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. Rahoton TEEB (2010) ya kiyasta asarar dala biliyan 50 a kowace shekara.

3.2 Matsalolin Siyasa da Kudaden Gajeren Lokaci

Duk da ribar dogon lokaci, gwamnatoci suna fuskantar matsin lamba na siyasa nan da nan. Cire tallafin yana barazana ga ribar gajeren lokaci, ayyukan yi, da amincin abinci a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara, musamman a lokacin rikicin tattalin arziki (misali, annobar cuta, yakin Ukraine). Wannan yana haifar da "dilemma na fursuna," inda aikin guda ɗaya yana da tsadar siyasa, yana buƙatar yarjejeniyar ƙasashe da yawa mai ɗaure.

4. Muhimman Bayanai & Bayanin Kididdiga

Babban Fahimta: Ma'anar tattalin arziki don gyaran tallafin tana da ƙarfi, amma ana ci gaba da ƙetare ta ta hanyar abubuwan tattalin arziki na siyasa na gajeren lokaci da kuma ƙalubalen tsarin samun yarjejeniya ta ƙasashe da yawa a WTO.

5. Tsarin Nazari & Misalin Shari'a

Tsari: Matrix na Tallafi-Dorewa
Don nazarin takamaiman tallafi, ana iya amfani da matrix mai axis biyu:

1. X-Axis: Tasiri akan Ƙarfin Kamun Kifi/Farashi. Daga "Haɓaka Ƙarfi/Rage Farashi" zuwa "Tsaka-tsaki ko Rage Ƙarfi."
2. Y-Axis: Haɗi zuwa Sakamakon Dorewa. Daga "Mai Cutarwa A Bayyane" (misali, tallafin man fetur don jiragen ruwa na IUU) zuwa "Mai Amfani A Bayyane" (misali, tallafin don sa ido ko maido da adadin kifi).

Misalin Shari'a: Tallafin Man Fetur
Matsayi: Babba akan axis mai haɓaka ƙarfi; Babba akan axis mai cutarwa.
Nazari: Yana rage farashin canji kai tsaye, yana ba da damar tafiya mai tsawo da kamun kifi a yankuna masu gefe. Yana ba da fa'ida sosai ga manyan jiragen ruwa masu nisa, kuma sau da yawa ana danganta shi da kamun kifi na IUU. Haramcinsa shine babban batu mai cike da cece-kuce a cikin tattaunawar WTO, wanda manyan ƙasashe masu ba da tallafi ke adawa da shi suna ambaton matsalolin rayuwa.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Tattalin Arziki

Ana iya ƙirƙira babbar matsalar tattalin arziki ta amfani da tsarin bioeconomic Gordon-Schaefer. Babban alaƙar tana nuna cewa ma'auni na buɗe damar yin amfani yana faruwa inda jimlar kudaden shiga ya yi daidai da jimlar farashi. Tallafi ($s$) yana rage ingantaccen farashin ƙoƙari ($c$), yana motsa lanƙwasa farashi zuwa ƙasa.

Mahimman Ma'auni:

• Yawan Dorewa: $Y = rX(1 - X/K)$ inda $r$ shine ƙimar girma ta ciki, $X$ shine yawan halittu, $K$ shine ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi.
• Ma'auni na Buɗe Damar Amfani: $p \cdot Y(E) = (c - s) \cdot E$, inda $p$ shine farashi, $E$ shine ƙoƙarin kamun kifi, $c$ shine farashin raka'a na ƙoƙari, $s$ shine tallafi a kowace raka'a ƙoƙari.

Gabatar da tallafi mai cutarwa ($s > 0$) yana rage $(c - s)$, yana haifar da mafi girman matakin ma'auni na ƙoƙari $E_{OA}$ da ƙarancin ma'auni na yawan halittu $X_{OA}$, yana tura tsarin zuwa nesa daga maki Matsakaicin Yawan Dorewa (MSY). Tsarin Bankin Duniya yana ƙididdige asarar motsi: bambanci tsakanin ƙimar yanzu ta yawan kifi a ƙarƙashin ingantaccen gudanarwa da na yanzu, yanayin buɗe damar amfani da tallafi, yana isa ga adadin "sunken billions".

Bayanin Chati: Zane na ra'ayi zai nuna lanƙwasa biyu: (1) Yawan Dorewa (mai siffar ƙugiya) da (2) Jimlar Farashi (layi, yana ƙaruwa da ƙoƙari). Haɗuwar lanƙwasa Jimlar Kudaden Shiga (farashi * yawan amfanin gona) da lanƙwasa Jimlar Farashi yana ƙayyade ƙoƙarin buɗe damar amfani. Tallafi yana jujjuya lanƙwasa farashi zuwa ƙasa a kusa da asali, yana haifar da sabon haɗuwa a wani matakin ƙoƙari mafi girma, mafi lalacewa, yana kwatanta "tsere don kamun kifi" a hoto.

7. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

1. Sa ido na Digital & Tilastawa: Yarjejeniyoyin nan gaba dole ne su yi amfani da fasaha kamar tsarin gano kai ta atomatik (AIS), sa ido na lantarki, da blockchain don takaddun kamun kifi don tilasta dokoki akan tallafin da ke da alaƙa da IUU, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyi kamar Global Fishing Watch suka ba da shawara.

2. Tallafin Akwatin Kore: Bincike ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan ƙira da haɓaka tallafin "mai kyau" (kamar Akwatin Kore na WTO a aikin gona) waɗanda ke goyan bayan dorewa, misali, don tattara bayanai, sarrafa yankunan da aka kare ruwa, ko canza mai kamun kifi zuwa wasu hanyoyin rayuwa.

3. Tsarin Doka-Tattalin Arziki na Tsakanin Fannoni: Haɓaka haɗaɗɗun tsarin da ke haɗa ka'idar wasa (don ƙirƙira yanayin tattaunawa), ƙididdiga (don ƙididdige tasirin tallafi), da nazarin doka (don tsara takamaiman horo, marar raɗaɗi) yana da mahimmanci.

4. Haɗi zuwa Carbon da Ƙimar Bambancin Halittu: Bincika yadda ingantaccen sarrafa kamun kifi zai iya haifar da ingantattun ƙididdiga a cikin sabbin kasuwannin carbon ko bambancin halittu na ruwa, yana haifar da ingantaccen kwararar kuɗi don rama cire tallafi.

8. Nassoshi

1. FAO. (2020). Yanayin Kamun Kifi da Kiwo na Duniya 2020. Roma.
2. Gordon, H. S. (1954). Ka'idar Tattalin Arziki na Albarkatun Jama'a: Kamun Kifi. Jaridar Siyasar Tattalin Arziki, 62(2), 124-142.
3. Hardin, G. (1968). Balaraba na Jama'a. Kimiyya, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
4. TEEB. (2010). Tattalin Arzikin Tsarin Halittu da Bambancin Halittu: Shigar da Tattalin Arzikin Yanayi. Rahoton Haɗin kai.
5. Bankin Duniya. (2017). An sake Ziyartar Biliyoyin da suka Nutse: Ci gaba da Ƙalubale a Kamun Kifi na Teku na Duniya. Washington, D.C.
6. WTO. (2022). Yarjejeniya kan Tallafin Kifi. WT/MIN(22)/W/22.
7. Sumaila, U. R., et al. (2019). Sabunta ƙididdiga da nazarin tallafin kamun kifi na duniya. Manufofin Teku, 109, 103695.

9. Nazarin Kwararru: Babban Fahimta, Tsarin Ma'ana, Ƙarfi & Kurakurai, Bayanai Masu Aiki

Babban Fahimta: Labarin tallafin kifi na WTO ba labari ne mai sauƙi na masu kare muhalli da 'yan kasuwa masu 'yanci ba; yana bayyana yadda ingantacciyar sha'awar ƙasa ta gajeren lokaci ke lalata rayuwar gamayya ta dogon lokaci, ko da bayanan tattalin arziki don haɗin gwiwa suna da tabbatacce. Takardar ta gano daidai zuƙatar batun: tallafi maganin kwaya ne na siyasa, yana haifar da dogaro nan da nan yayin da yake guba tushen albarkatu. Ainihin rikici yana tsakanin zagayowar siyasa da zagayowar muhalli.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujja ta gina da kyau daga ƙa'idodin farko—Balaraba na Jama'a—zuwa karkatar da kasuwa (tallafi), sannan zuwa gazawar hukumomi (gwagwarmayar WTO). Yana amfani da ƙididdigar asarar tattalin arziki ($50B+) a matsayin zargi mai ƙarfi, mai ƙididdigewa na halin da ake ciki. Kwararar ta yi ɗan kuskure ta hanyar rashin ƙara matsa lamba kan batun rarrabawa: waɗanne ƙasashe da waɗanne manyan jiragen ruwa su ne manyan masu amfana da waɗannan tallafin masu cutarwa? Bayanan daga masu bincike kamar U. Rashid Sumaila ya nuna cewa ƙasashe masu yawan tattalin arziki kaɗan ne suka mamaye wannan kashe kuɗi.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine ma'anar tattalin arziki mai haske da kuma tushensa a cikin tattalin arzikin albarkatu na al'ada. Kuskuren, gama gari ga yawancin nazarin doka-tattalin arziki, shine rashin kimanta rawar siyasa mai ƙarfi. Takardar tana ɗaukar WTO a matsayin dandali mai tsaka-tsaki don magance matsalar aiki tare. A zahiri, wuri ne da rashin daidaiton iko, wanda manyan masu ba da tallafi kamar China, EU, da Amurka suka misalta, ke ba da umarnin sauri da iyakar kowace yarjejeniya. Yarjejeniyar WTO ta 2022, duk da cewa ta tarihi ce, shaida ce ga wannan—an yi ta da ruwa tare da keɓancewa na wucin gadi da kuma raunana tilastawa ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, daidai kamar yadda tattalin arzikin siyasa ya annabta.

Bayanai Masu Aiki: 1) Ketare Masu Toshewa: Yi shawarwari don "ƙungiyoyin masu son"—yankuna ko yarjejeniyoyin sassa tsakanin ƙasashe masu himma, ta yin amfani da fifikon kasuwanci a matsayin abin dogaro, don ƙirƙirar gaskiya a kan ruwa wanda ke matsa wa masu jinkiri. 2) Bi Kuɗin: Taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da masu binciken kuɗi a cikin taswirar kwararar tallafi ga takamaiman kamfanoni da jiragen ruwa da ke cikin kamun kifi na IUU, yana haifar da haɗari na suna da na doka ga masu amfana da gwamnatoci. 3) Yi Ƙara ta Doka da Dabara: Bincika yin amfani da dokokin WTO da ake da su (misali, ASCM Mataki na 5 akan mummunar nuna bambanci) ko sassan muhalli a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta 'Yanci don ƙalubalantar mafi munin tallafi, tilasta bayyana doka. 4) Sake Tsara Labarin: Daina kiran su "tallafin kifi". Kira su "Tallafin Yawan Kamun Kifi" ko "Tallafin Rage Teku". Harshe yana da mahimmanci a siyasa. Manufar ba kawai yarjejeniya ba ce; canjin tsari ne inda biyan kuɗi don rage tekun ya zama mai guba ga al'umma kamar biyan kuɗi don gurɓata kogi.